Daily Current Affairs тАФ August 27, 2026

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ЁЯУЛ Today's Topics Index (14 Key Affairs)

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1.Carbosulfan Insecticide Ban2.Mission Samriddh Gaon3.Ammannia telanganensis Discovery4.Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) & RRB Co-Lending5.Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve & Tribal Water Crisis Resolution6.Gut Microbiome Diversity & Functions7.Jojari River Industrial Contamination & Judicial Intervention8.Military Combat Parachute System (MCPS)9.India-Vietnam High-Level Maritime Engagement10.Neelakurinji Conservation & Ecology11.Nepal Flash Floods & Himalayan Multi-Hazard Vulnerability12.Transparency Concerns & Reforms in the Collegium System13.IndiaтАЩs Coconut Sector & Coconut Promotion Scheme14.Unified Payments Interface (UPI) Decade & Global Expansion
#1ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
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Carbosulfan Insecticide Ban

ЁЯФ╣ Why in News & Recent Development

Recently, the Central government has proposed a complete ban on Carbosulfan, a widely used agricultural chemical, due to severe environmental and health hazards associated with its rapid breakdown into highly toxic metabolites.

ЁЯФ╣ Key Conceptual & Analytical Details

Carbosulfan is an insecticide belonging to the carbamate group and functions as a synthetic 1-benzofuran compound and carbamate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. It is applied across various sectors, particularly in paddy, cotton, and horticultural production. Chemically, it is an orange-yellow or brown viscous liquid characterized by low aqueous solubility and non-volatility. Crucially, it rapidly metabolizes into carbofuran, a highly toxic metabolite responsible for acute systemic toxicity and severe cholinesterase inhibition in the nervous system. While it does not normally persist long in soil or water, it is classified as extremely toxic to fish.

ЁЯФ╣ Strategic Importance & Future Impact

The proposed ban represents a crucial regulatory step toward safeguarding aquatic ecosystems, farm workers, and non-target species from acute neurotoxins. It aligns agricultural practices with sustainable Integrated Pest Management (IPM) frameworks and reduces chemical residues in food chains.

ЁЯФ╣ UP PCS / STATE PCS HIGH-YIELD VALUE ADDITION

  • State/District: Pan-India agricultural application areas, heavily used in paddy and cotton-growing states.
  • Tributaries/Rivers: Run-off affects local water bodies and agricultural drainage basins.
  • Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare / Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
  • IUCN/Toxicology Status: Highly hazardous chemical classification under international pesticide frameworks.
  • PYQ Trend: UPSC and State PCS frequently test questions regarding harmful agrochemicals, banned pesticides, and their biochemical impacts on human health.
#2GOVERNANCE & SCHEMES
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Mission Samriddh Gaon

ЁЯФ╣ Why in News & Recent Development

The Union Rural Development Minister recently launched the Mission Samriddh Gaon scheme, aiming to transform rural landscapes into self-sustaining economic units with pilot models established in Madhya Pradesh.

ЁЯФ╣ Key Conceptual & Analytical Details

Mission Samriddh Gaon is designed to develop poverty-free, employment-rich villages equipped with assured basic amenities. Pilot models are being rolled out in the Budni block of Sehore district and the Khategaon block of Dewas district. The primary objective is to ensure every family has sustainable livelihood opportunities to curb distress migration. The scheme utilizes an integrated development framework operating at the family, gram panchayat, and block levels through the convergence of agriculture, rural development, health, education, and women empowerment schemes.

ЁЯФ╣ Strategic Importance & Future Impact

By fostering rural self-reliance and checking distress migration to urban centers, the mission strengthens grassroots democracy and decentralised planning. It serves as a blueprint for saturation-based implementation of welfare schemes, directly boosting rural incomes.

ЁЯФ╣ UP PCS / STATE PCS HIGH-YIELD VALUE ADDITION

  • State: Madhya Pradesh.
  • District: Sehore (Budni block) and Dewas (Khategaon block).
  • Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Rural Development.
  • Constitutional Articles: Article 40 (Organization of village panchayats) and Eleventh Schedule (Devolution of powers).
  • PYQ Trend: State PCS exams consistently ask about flagship rural development schemes, convergence frameworks, and model village initiatives.
#3ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
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Ammannia telanganensis Discovery

ЁЯФ╣ Why in News & Recent Development

A new freshwater flowering plant species, Ammannia telanganensis, has been recently discovered within the Amrabad Tiger Reserve in the Nagarkurnool district of Telangana.

ЁЯФ╣ Key Conceptual & Analytical Details

Ammannia telanganensis belongs to the Lythraceae family, a group comprising herbaceous plants associated with wet and aquatic habitats. Key morphological characteristics include flower clusters borne on stalks and seeds featuring a distinctive cerebriform (brain-like) surface pattern. The plant thrives in wet sandy soils along seasonal streams and on the fringes of water bodies, flowering and fruiting between November and February. The discovery highlights the rich, unexplored botanical biodiversity of the Nallamala hills in the Eastern Ghats.

ЁЯФ╣ Strategic Importance & Future Impact

Discoveries of novel endemic species underscore the critical conservation value of protected areas like tiger reserves. Such findings enhance scientific understanding of wetland floral adaptation and emphasize the necessity of preserving fragile riparian and aquatic micro-ecosystems against anthropogenic pressures.

ЁЯФ╣ UP PCS / STATE PCS HIGH-YIELD VALUE ADDITION

  • State: Telangana.
  • District: Nagarkurnool.
  • Protected Area: Amrabad Tiger Reserve (Nallamala hills, Eastern Ghats).
  • River System: Krishna River basin and perennial streams feeding Srisailam Dam.
  • Indigenous Community: Chenchu primitive vulnerable tribal group (PVTG).
  • PYQ Trend: UPSC and State PCS frequently highlight newly discovered endemic flora/fauna species, their taxonomic families, and associated protected habitats.
#4INDIAN ECONOMY
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Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) & RRB Co-Lending

ЁЯФ╣ Why in News & Recent Development

The Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) recently organized a conclave of Heads of Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) in New Delhi to expand the SIDBI-RRB MSME Co-Lending arrangement.

ЁЯФ╣ Key Conceptual & Analytical Details

Established on 2nd April 1990 under an Act of Parliament, SIDBI serves as the Principal Financial Institution for the promotion, financing, and development of the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector. Headquartered in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, SIDBI offers direct loans, micro-venture capital, risk capital, and refinancing facilities to banks, NBFCs, and RRBs. The co-lending framework leverages the deep rural penetration of RRBs combined with SIDBI's specialized financial muscle to enhance credit availability for grassroots enterprises.

ЁЯФ╣ Strategic Importance & Future Impact

Expanding credit access to rural and semi-urban MSMEs through co-lending bridges the credit gap in the informal manufacturing and service sectors. This drives industrial decentralization, employment generation, and inclusive growth in alignment with national economic goals.

ЁЯФ╣ UP PCS / STATE PCS HIGH-YIELD VALUE ADDITION

  • State/Headquarters: Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.
  • Establishment Year: 1990 (Statutory Body).
  • Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Finance.
  • Associated Funds: Small Industries Development Fund, National Equity Fund.
  • PYQ Trend: State PCS and banking examinations frequently test the establishment year, headquarters, and statutory mandates of apex financial institutions like SIDBI, NABARD, and EXIM Bank.
#5ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
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Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve & Tribal Water Crisis Resolution

ЁЯФ╣ Why in News & Recent Development

The forest department has successfully resolved a decades-long drinking water crisis in a tribal hamlet within the Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve (STR) located in Tamil NaduтАЩs Erode district, utilizing provisions under the 'Project Elephant' scheme.

ЁЯФ╣ Key Conceptual & Analytical Details

Nestled at the crucial junction of the Eastern and Western Ghats within the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve features a hilly terrain with subtropical and dry climates. It is contiguous with Mudumalai, Bandipur, and BR Tiger Reserves. The reserve is drained by prominent rivers including the Bhavani, Moyar, and Noyyal rivers. Its rich floral diversity ranges from southern tropical dry thorn forests to semi-evergreen types, supporting diverse fauna such as tigers, elephants, leopards, and gaurs, alongside indigenous communities like the Irula and Kurumba tribes.

ЁЯФ╣ Strategic Importance & Future Impact

Addressing basic civic needs in forest fringe and interior tribal hamlets reduces human-wildlife conflict, fosters community-based conservation, and ensures equitable resource distribution within ecologically sensitive protected zones.

ЁЯФ╣ UP PCS / STATE PCS HIGH-YIELD VALUE ADDITION

  • State: Tamil Nadu (Erode district).
  • Biosphere Reserve: Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.
  • Rivers: Bhavani, Moyar, and Noyyal rivers.
  • Tribes: Irula and Kurumba indigenous communities.
  • Fauna: Asian Elephant, Tiger, Leopard, Nilgiri Langur.
  • PYQ Trend: UPSC and State PCS frequently test the geographical junctions of Western/Eastern Ghats, tiger reserve contiguity, and associated river basins.
#6SCIENCE & SPACE
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Gut Microbiome Diversity & Functions

ЁЯФ╣ Why in News & Recent Development

Scientists recently initiated comprehensive studies to evaluate how shifting lifestyles, dietary patterns, and ecological settings influence the human gut microbiome, establishing a diverse genomic resource representing South Asian populations.

ЁЯФ╣ Key Conceptual & Analytical Details

The gut microbiome is a complex community of microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites residing in the human gastrointestinal tract. Initial acquisition occurs during infancy via vaginal delivery or breastfeeding, while subsequent dietary and environmental exposures shape individual biome profiles. Key physiological functions include digestion, nutrient extraction, vitamin synthesis, immunomodulation, and maintenance of the gut epithelial barrier. This barrier prevents harmful bacteria and endotoxins from leaking into the systemic bloodstream while exhibiting anti-inflammatory properties.

ЁЯФ╣ Strategic Importance & Future Impact

Mapping population-specific gut microbiome diversity provides foundational data for precision medicine, nutritional interventions, and understanding the pathogenesis of metabolic and autoimmune disorders influenced by modern lifestyle transitions.

ЁЯФ╣ UP PCS / STATE PCS HIGH-YIELD VALUE ADDITION

  • Core Components: Bacteria, Archaea, Viruses, Fungi.
  • Nodal Agency: Department of Biotechnology (DBT) / ICMR research initiatives.
  • Key Vitamins Synthesized: Vitamin K, Vitamin B12, biotin, and folate.
  • PYQ Trend: Civil services exams frequently test biology and medical science concepts related to symbiotic microorganisms, human physiology, and immunology.
#7ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
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Jojari River Industrial Contamination & Judicial Intervention

ЁЯФ╣ Why in News & Recent Development

Taking suo motu cognizance of a media documentary highlighting severe environmental degradation, the Supreme Court of India has banned all construction and industrial development within 100 meters of the Jojari River in Rajasthan and prohibited hazardous industries within 500 meters.

ЁЯФ╣ Key Conceptual & Analytical Details

The Jojari River is a seasonal river originating in Pandalu village of Nagaur district, Rajasthan. It passes through Jodhpur and merges with the Luni River near Balotra city. Notably, it is the only right-bank tributary of the Luni River and the only branch of Luni that does not originate in the Aravalli Range. The river has faced acute ecological distress due to massive inflows of chemical-laden industrial effluents from Jodhpur's textile and steel units alongside untreated municipal sewage.

ЁЯФ╣ Strategic Importance & Future Impact

The strict judicial intervention enforces the Polluter Pays Principle and the Public Trust Doctrine, serving as a critical precedent for reviving dying urban rivers, protecting floodplains from real estate encroachment, and curbing industrial water pollution.

ЁЯФ╣ UP PCS / STATE PCS HIGH-YIELD VALUE ADDITION

  • State: Rajasthan (Nagaur, Jodhpur, and Barmer districts).
  • Parent River System: Luni River basin (Endorheic river system of Thar desert).
  • Geographical Feature: Only right-bank tributary of Luni not originating in Aravallis.
  • Legal Precedent: Suo motu environmental litigation, Article 21 (Right to clean environment).
  • PYQ Trend: State PCS exams frequently test river tributaries, origin points, and environmental jurisprudence related to polluted water bodies.
#8DEFENCE & MISSILE TECH
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Military Combat Parachute System (MCPS)

ЁЯФ╣ Why in News & Recent Development

The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) recently achieved a major milestone by successfully testing its indigenous Military Combat Parachute System (MCPS) at 22,000 feet in Nyoma, Ladakh, marking one of the world's highest-altitude drop zone tests.

ЁЯФ╣ Key Conceptual & Analytical Details

The Military Combat Parachute System has been designed jointly by DRDOтАЩs Aerial Delivery Research and Development Establishment (ADRDE) in Agra and the Defence Bioengineering and Electromedical Laboratory (DEBEL) in Bengaluru. It is currently the only operational parachute system in the Indian Armed Forces capable of deployment at altitudes exceeding 25,000 feet, having successfully proven combat freefalls from up to 32,000 feet. Key features include a lower rate of descent, superior steering capabilities, tactical tactical precision, and full compatibility with India's indigenous navigation network, NavIC.

ЁЯФ╣ Strategic Importance & Future Impact

The successful induction of the indigenous MCPS reduces strategic technological dependencies on foreign defense suppliers, enhances high-altitude operational preparedness along challenging border frontiers, and boosts the 'Aatmanirbhar Bharat' initiative in niche military hardware.

ЁЯФ╣ UP PCS / STATE PCS HIGH-YIELD VALUE ADDITION

  • Developing Agency: DRDO (ADRDE Agra & DEBEL Bengaluru).
  • Testing Location: Nyoma, Ladakh (High-altitude drop zone at 22,000 feet).
  • Navigation Integration: NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation).
  • Nodal Ministry: Ministry of Defence.
  • PYQ Trend: UPSC and State PCS frequently ask about indigenous defense equipment, DRDO laboratories, and strategic satellite navigation integration.
#9INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
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India-Vietnam High-Level Maritime Engagement

ЁЯФ╣ Why in News & Recent Development

The 7th High-Level Meeting between the Indian Coast Guard (ICG) and the Vietnam Coast Guard (VCG) was recently held in Chennai, strengthening bilateral maritime security cooperation and interoperability.

ЁЯФ╣ Key Conceptual & Analytical Details

Vietnam occupies the eastern portion of mainland Southeast Asia, sharing land borders with China, Laos, and Cambodia, and extensive maritime boundaries along the South China Sea and the Gulf of Thailand. Geographically characterized by tropical lowlands, the Annamese Cordillera, and river deltas formed by the Red River and Mekong River, Vietnam is strategically positioned in the Indo-Pacific. Defense and coast guard engagements focus on maritime safety, anti-piracy, search and rescue operations, and freedom of navigation.

ЁЯФ╣ Strategic Importance & Future Impact

Deepening strategic and maritime ties with Vietnam is a cornerstone of India's Act East Policy and Indo-Pacific vision. It ensures regional stability, counters maritime hegemony in the South China Sea, and promotes a rules-based international order.

ЁЯФ╣ UP PCS / STATE PCS HIGH-YIELD VALUE ADDITION

  • Capital: Hanoi.
  • Major Waterways: Mekong River and Red River.
  • Strategic Water Body: South China Sea.
  • Bilateral Framework: Comprehensive Strategic Partnership.
  • PYQ Trend: State PCS and UPSC exams regularly feature questions on Southeast Asian geography, bordering seas, and India's strategic maritime partnerships.
#10ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
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Neelakurinji Conservation & Ecology

ЁЯФ╣ Why in News & Recent Development

The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has urged the National Green Tribunal to direct the states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and Karnataka to formulate an annual operational conservation action plan for the endangered Neelakurinji (Strobilanthes kunthiana).

ЁЯФ╣ Key Conceptual & Analytical Details

Neelakurinji is a purplish flowering shrub belonging to the Acanthaceae family that exhibits synchronous, mass blooming once every 12 years (semelparous/monocarpic life cycle). It is strictly endemic to the high-altitude shola grassland ecosystems of southwest India across elevations of 1,340 to 2,600 meters in the Western and Eastern Ghats. Culturally, the Nilgiri Hills derived their name from these blue blossoms, while indigenous groups like the Paliyan tribes use its blooming cycles to calculate age. The species faces severe threats from habitat fragmentation, conversion for tea plantations, and urban encroachment.

ЁЯФ╣ Strategic Importance & Future Impact

Institutionalizing inter-state conservation action plans ensures the protection of fragile high-altitude montane habitats, safeguards endemic floral biodiversity against climate change, and preserves ecological corridors in the Western Ghats.

ЁЯФ╣ UP PCS / STATE PCS HIGH-YIELD VALUE ADDITION

  • Biological Name: Strobilanthes kunthiana.
  • Family: Acanthaceae.
  • IUCN Status: Vulnerable (Criteria A2c due to ~40% habitat loss).
  • Habitat: Shola grasslands of Western and Eastern Ghats (Nilgiri Hills, Anamalai, Palani hills).
  • Indigenous Tribe: Paliyan tribe of Tamil Nadu.
  • PYQ Trend: UPSC and State PCS frequently test endemic species, IUCN conservation statuses, unique biological life cycles (monocarpic/semelparous), and regional geography.
#11ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
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Nepal Flash Floods & Himalayan Multi-Hazard Vulnerability

ЁЯФ╣ Why in News & Recent Development

Catastrophic flash floods in Nepal have claimed numerous lives and damaged critical infrastructure, with scientists attributing the disaster to an ice-rock avalanche interacting with an anomalous Western Disturbance, triggering severe downstream risks for India.

ЁЯФ╣ Key Conceptual & Analytical Details

The disaster underscores the extreme vulnerability of the Himalayan region to compound hazards including glacier instability, permafrost thaw, landslides, and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs). Natural drivers include continuous tectonic uplift across active thrust fault systems (MCT, MBT, HFT) and Elevation-Dependent Warming (EDW). Anthropogenic pressures such as unscientific vertical toe-cutting for highways (e.g., Char Dham Pariyojana), subterranean tunneling for hydropower projects, muck dumping in riverbeds, and heavy construction on active floodplains severely exacerbate these risks.

ЁЯФ╣ Strategic Importance & Future Impact

Mitigating Himalayan disaster risks requires moving away from piecemeal environmental clearances toward carrying-capacity-based planning, Strategic Environmental Assessments (SEAs), springshed management, bio-engineered slope stabilization, and robust cross-border multi-hazard early warning systems.

ЁЯФ╣ UP PCS / STATE PCS HIGH-YIELD VALUE ADDITION

  • Geological Faults: Main Central Thrust (MCT), Main Boundary Thrust (MBT), Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT).
  • Cross-Border Rivers: Bhote Koshi, Gandak, Karnali, Kosi, Teesta.
  • Key Committees: Mishra Committee (1976), J.C. Pant Committee (1999).
  • Global Framework: Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015-2030).
  • PYQ Trend: UPSC and State PCS frequently test Himalayan geomorphology, causes of landslides, GLOFs, young fold mountain evidence, and disaster management mitigation strategies.
#12GOVERNANCE & SCHEMES
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Transparency Concerns & Reforms in the Collegium System

ЁЯФ╣ Why in News & Recent Development

The debate over transparency in judicial appointments has resurfaced after the Supreme Court observed that greater openness in the collegium process can reinforce public confidence and ensure merit remains the governing principle.

ЁЯФ╣ Key Conceptual & Analytical Details

The Collegium system is a judicially evolved mechanism responsible for judicial appointments and transfers, rooted in the Three Judges Cases (1981, 1993, 1998) and protected under the Basic Structure doctrine following the Fourth Judges Case (2015) which struck down the NJAC Act. Critics argue that opaque deliberations, rollbacks in publishing detailed reasons, lack of objective evaluation matrices, and perceptions of kinship ('uncle judges') undermine institutional accountability. Conversely, proponents emphasize confidentiality as vital for protecting candidate reputations and ensuring candor among recommending judges.

ЁЯФ╣ Strategic Importance & Future Impact

Balancing judicial independence with institutional transparency through pre-notified vacancies, a formalized Memorandum of Procedure (MoP), objective evaluation matrices, and reasoned resolutions is essential to sustain democratic legitimacy and public trust.

ЁЯФ╣ UP PCS / STATE PCS HIGH-YIELD VALUE ADDITION

  • Constitutional Articles: Article 124(2) (Supreme Court appointments) and Article 217(1) (High Court appointments).
  • Milestone Judgments: First, Second, Third, and Fourth Judges Cases; Kesavananda Bharati (Basic Structure).
  • Global Comparisons: Judicial Appointments Commission (UK), Judicial Service Commission (South Africa).
  • PYQ Trend: UPSC and State PCS mains and prelims frequently test the evolution of the collegium system, judicial independence, separation of powers, and the Basic Structure doctrine.
#13INDIAN ECONOMY
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IndiaтАЩs Coconut Sector & Coconut Promotion Scheme

ЁЯФ╣ Why in News & Recent Development

With strategic policy interventions like the Coconut Promotion Scheme announced in Union Budget 2026-27, India's coconut sectorтАФfamously termed the тАЬTree of LifeтАЭтАФis transitioning toward enhanced sustainability, value addition, and export competitiveness.

ЁЯФ╣ Key Conceptual & Analytical Details

India ranks 1st globally in coconut production and 3rd in cultivation area, contributing over 31% of world production. Regionally, Kerala has the largest cultivation area while Tamil Nadu leads in total production, and Andhra Pradesh records the highest productivity. The sector is regulated by the Coconut Development Board (CDB), established in 1981 under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare. Government support includes Minimum Support Price (MSP) coverage for Milling and Ball Copra, implemented via central agencies like NAFED and NCCF, alongside schemes for quality seedling distribution, area expansion, and product diversification into virgin coconut oil and activated carbon.

ЁЯФ╣ Strategic Importance & Future Impact

The evolution of the coconut economy from raw copra to high-value derivative exports significantly boosts farmer incomes, diversifies agricultural export baskets, and reinforces rural livelihood security in coastal and southern states.

ЁЯФ╣ UP PCS / STATE PCS HIGH-YIELD VALUE ADDITION

  • Global Ranking: 1st in production, 3rd in area.
  • Leading States: Kerala (Area), Tamil Nadu (Production), Andhra Pradesh (Productivity).
  • Nodal Body: Coconut Development Board (Headquarters: Kochi, Kerala, est. 1981).
  • Procurement Agencies: NAFED and NCCF.
  • PYQ Trend: State PCS and UPSC exams frequently ask about crop-specific production rankings, statutory commodity boards, MSP coverage, and agricultural export baskets.
#14INDIAN ECONOMY
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Unified Payments Interface (UPI) Decade & Global Expansion

ЁЯФ╣ Why in News & Recent Development

The Unified Payments Interface (UPI), developed by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), has marked a decade of transforming India's digital payment ecosystem, expanding its operational footprint to 11 foreign countries.

ЁЯФ╣ Key Conceptual & Analytical Details

UPI is a real-time payment system enabling instant, 24x7 interoperable fund transfers across multiple bank accounts through a single mobile application backed by two-factor authentication and encryption. Since its pilot launch in 2016, transaction volumes have scaled exponentially from 2 crore to over 24,162 crore transactions annually. Supported by continuous upgrades like UPI 2.0, dynamic QR codes, IPO applications via UPI, and extensive banking participation spanning hundreds of live banks, UPI has become the bedrock of IndiaтАЩs Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI).

ЁЯФ╣ Strategic Importance & Future Impact

UPI's cross-border integration and global adoption establish India as a pioneer in digital public goods. It drives financial inclusion, formalizes the digital economy, and offers a scalable template for sovereign digital payment infrastructure across developing nations.

ЁЯФ╣ UP PCS / STATE PCS HIGH-YIELD VALUE ADDITION

  • Developer/Operator: National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI).
  • Launch Year: 2016 (Pilot launch with 21 member banks).
  • Core Security: Two-factor authentication, UPI PIN, end-to-end encryption.
  • Global Reach: Operational across 11 international jurisdictions.
  • PYQ Trend: UPSC and State PCS exams regularly test concepts related to Digital Public Infrastructure, fintech regulations, NPCI functions, and real-time payment architectures.
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