Daily Current Affairs тАФ September 21, 2026

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#1ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
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Discovery of Ophiopogon japonicus in Arunachal Pradesh

ЁЯФ╣ Why in News & Recent Development

Researchers from the Wildlife Institute of India (WII) and the Uluberia Botanical Institute Herbarium have officially recorded the presence of Ophiopogon japonicus in the wild in Arunachal Pradesh for the first time. This discovery expands the known geographical range of the species within the Indian subcontinent, where previously only seven species of the genus Ophiopogon had been documented.

ЁЯФ╣ Key Conceptual & Analytical Details

Commonly known as dwarf lilyturf or mondo grass, Ophiopogon japonicus is an evergreen perennial herb native to East Asia (China, Japan, Korea, and Nepal). It thrives in subtropical biomes at elevations between 200 and 2,800 meters. Morphologically, it features retroserrulate margins on grass-like leaves, pale-purple flowers, and distinct blue berry-like fruits. Its tuberous roots, known as Maidong in Traditional Chinese Medicine, contain polysaccharides (OJPs) with proven anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties.

ЁЯФ╣ Strategic Importance & Future Impact

The identification of this species in the Eastern Himalayas underscores the region's status as a biodiversity hotspot. From a pharmacological perspective, the presence of O. japonicus in India opens avenues for bioprospecting and the development of indigenous traditional medicine. Conservation efforts must now focus on protecting its micro-habitats in Arunachal Pradesh from climate-induced shifts and anthropogenic pressures.

ЁЯФ╣ UP PCS / STATE PCS HIGH-YIELD VALUE ADDITION

тАв- **Nodal Agency**: Wildlife Institute of India (WII), Dehradun
тАв- **IUCN Status / Biome**: Primarily found in the Subtropical Biome; Native to East Asia
тАв- **Key Facts & Metrics**: Genus comprises ~85 species; Tuberous roots used as 'Ophiopogonis Radix'
тАв- **UPPCS Prelims Trend**: Questions often focus on newly discovered flora/fauna in the Northeast and their medicinal significance (e.g., PYQ on Himalayan herbs).
#2ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
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Khejri Tree: Ecological Sentinel of the Thar Desert

ЁЯФ╣ Why in News & Recent Development

The Lok Sabha Speaker recently paid homage to Amrita Devi Bishnoi and the 363 martyrs who sacrificed their lives in the 18th century to protect Khejri trees in Khejadli village, Rajasthan. This commemoration highlights the historical roots of environmental movements in India and the enduring cultural significance of the Khejri tree in arid zone conservation.

ЁЯФ╣ Key Conceptual & Analytical Details

Scientificially named Prosopis cineraria, the Khejri is the State Tree of Rajasthan. It is a nitrogen-fixing deciduous tree that enhances soil fertility, making it vital for agroforestry. It exhibits extreme resilience, tolerating temperatures from 45┬░C to below 10┬░C and surviving on annual rainfall as low as 100mm. Its fruit, Sangri, is a staple in local cuisine, while its leaves provide high-protein fodder for livestock in the Thar Desert.

ЁЯФ╣ Strategic Importance & Future Impact

The Khejri tree is a cornerstone of the desert ecosystem, preventing soil erosion and supporting local livelihoods. In the context of climate change and increasing desertification, the Khejri serves as a model for drought-resistant afforestation. Its preservation is linked to the Bishnoi community's religious tenets, representing a successful synthesis of traditional belief and ecological sustainability.

ЁЯФ╣ UP PCS / STATE PCS HIGH-YIELD VALUE ADDITION

тАв- **Nodal Agency**: Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC)
тАв- **State Symbol**: State Tree of Rajasthan; also known as 'Janti' or 'Shami'
тАв- **Key Facts & Metrics**: Capable of growing in 100тАУ600 mm rainfall; Nitrogen-fixing properties
тАв- **UPPCS Prelims Trend**: Environmental movements (Chipko, Appiko, Bishnoi) and State symbols are frequent areas of inquiry.
#3SCIENCE & SPACE
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Neodymium-Iron-Boron (NdFeB) Magnets in Energy Transition

ЁЯФ╣ Why in News & Recent Development

Neodymium-Iron-Boron (NdFeB) magnets have emerged as the critical 'backbone' of the global energy transition. As the strongest commercially available permanent magnets, they are indispensable for the high-efficiency motors required in Electric Vehicles (EVs) and wind turbines, prompting nations to secure supply chains for these rare-earth-based components.

ЁЯФ╣ Key Conceptual & Analytical Details

The primary magnetic phase is Nd2Fe14B, featuring a tetragonal crystalline structure. These magnets offer exceptional coercivity and remanence. However, they are prone to corrosion and require protective coatings like Ni-Cu-Ni. To improve performance at temperatures above 150┬░C, heavy rare-earth elements like Dysprosium (Dy) or Terbium (Tb) are often added to the alloy.

ЁЯФ╣ Strategic Importance & Future Impact

The reliance on NdFeB magnets creates a strategic vulnerability due to the concentration of Rare Earth Element (REE) processing. For India, developing indigenous permanent magnet manufacturing is essential for the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan. Future research is focused on reducing the 'heavy rare earth' content to lower costs and environmental impact during extraction.

ЁЯФ╣ UP PCS / STATE PCS HIGH-YIELD VALUE ADDITION

тАв- **Chemical Composition**: ~30% Neodymium, 65% Iron, 1% Boron
тАв- **Key Properties**: High magnetic energy density; Tetragonal crystal structure
тАв- **Applications**: EV motors, wind generators, MRI scanners, and consumer electronics
тАв- **UPPCS Prelims Trend**: Questions on 'Critical Minerals' and 'Rare Earth Elements' are increasing due to their role in green technology.
#4DEFENCE & MISSILE TECH
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AASHVAST Lab: Strengthening Military Cybersecurity

ЁЯФ╣ Why in News & Recent Development

The Indian Army is set to deploy six AASHVAST (Assessment and Analysis of Electronic Systems Hardware for Vulnerabilities and Security Threats) labs across the country. These facilities are designed to conduct mandatory cybersecurity screening for drones and CCTV systems to mitigate operational vulnerabilities in contested environments.

ЁЯФ╣ Key Conceptual & Analytical Details

Developed for the Directorate General of Electronics and Mechanical Engineering (DG EME), AASHVAST labs specialize in detecting firmware-level vulnerabilities and malicious code. The labs can identify approximately 14 types of security threats, including GPS spoofing, hidden backdoors, and unauthorized remote-access tools. They ensure that military hardware operates strictly within manufacturer-approved software parameters.

ЁЯФ╣ Strategic Importance & Future Impact

As modern warfare shifts toward unmanned systems, the security of the supply chain for electronic components becomes paramount. AASHVAST labs represent a shift toward Zero Trust Architecture in defense procurement. By neutralizing threats of enemy interference in Indian drones, these labs enhance the resilience of India's tactical communication and surveillance infrastructure.

ЁЯФ╣ UP PCS / STATE PCS HIGH-YIELD VALUE ADDITION

тАв- **Implementing Body**: Directorate General of Electronics and Mechanical Engineering (DG EME)
тАв- **Core Function**: Hardware and Software vulnerability testing for military electronics
тАв- **Threat Mitigation**: GPS spoofing, Jamming, and Firmware-level bugs
тАв- **UPPCS Prelims Trend**: Defense indigenization and cybersecurity initiatives (like 'Project Akashdeep' or 'AASHVAST') are high-yield topics.
#5GEOGRAPHY & PLACES IN NEWS
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Nevados de Chill├бn: Volcanic Activity in the Chilean Andes

ЁЯФ╣ Why in News & Recent Development

ChileтАЩs Nevados de Chill├бn volcano recently experienced an eruptive pulse, ejecting ash and pyroclastic material 380 meters above its crater. Located in the Southern Volcanic Zone of the Andes, it remains one of the most monitored and active volcanic complexes in South America.

ЁЯФ╣ Key Conceptual & Analytical Details

Nevados de Chill├бn is a composite stratovolcanic complex consisting of three overlapping peaks: Cerro Blanco (the highest at 3,212m), Volc├бn Viejo, and Volc├бn Nuevo. Its eruptive history is characterized by lava-dome growth and explosive activity. The complex sits atop the subduction zone where the Nazca Plate dives beneath the South American Plate.

ЁЯФ╣ Strategic Importance & Future Impact

The activity at Nevados de Chill├бn serves as a critical data point for understanding the Pacific Ring of Fire. Volcanic ash clouds pose significant risks to aviation safety and local agriculture in the ├Сuble Region. Continuous monitoring via satellite and ground sensors is vital for disaster risk reduction (DRR) in the Andean volcanic belt.
#6ENVIRONMENT & ECOLOGY
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Tiger Conservation in Painganga Wildlife Sanctuary

ЁЯФ╣ Why in News & Recent Development

MaharashtraтАЩs tiger conservation programme has successfully introduced a third big cat into the Painganga Wildlife Sanctuary in Yavatmal district. This translocation is part of a strategic effort to establish a viable breeding population in the 325-sq-km sanctuary, which serves as a critical corridor in the Central Indian landscape.

ЁЯФ╣ Key Conceptual & Analytical Details

The sanctuary is named after the Painganga River, a major tributary of the Wardha River, which surrounds it on three sides. Geologically, the area is dominated by basaltic rock (Deccan Traps). The vegetation is primarily Southern Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest, dominated by Teak (Tectona grandis) and Bamboo. It also houses prehistoric petroglyphs in ancient rock shelters.

ЁЯФ╣ Strategic Importance & Future Impact

The revival of the tiger population in Painganga is essential for maintaining genetic diversity across the Vidarbha tiger circuit. By strengthening the prey base and habitat, the sanctuary reduces human-wildlife conflict in the surrounding agricultural zones. It also promotes eco-tourism, providing alternative livelihoods for local communities.

ЁЯФ╣ UP PCS / STATE PCS HIGH-YIELD VALUE ADDITION

тАв- **Location**: Yavatmal District, Maharashtra
тАв- **River System**: Painganga River (Tributary of Wardha/Godavari basin)
тАв- **Flora/Fauna**: Teak, Bamboo; Tiger, Leopard, Four-horned Antelope
тАв- **UPPCS Prelims Trend**: Wildlife sanctuaries in news and their associated rivers are frequent matching-type questions.
#7GEOGRAPHY & PLACES IN NEWS
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Damodar River: The Industrial Heartland of Eastern India

ЁЯФ╣ Why in News & Recent Development

Fishery experts in West Bengal are investigating the unusual presence of Hilsa fish far upstream in the Damodar River. Historically known as the 'Sorrow of Bengal' due to devastating floods, the river's ecological health and its role as a major industrial artery remain central to the development of the Chota Nagpur Plateau.

ЁЯФ╣ Key Conceptual & Analytical Details

Originating from the Palamau hills in Jharkhand, the Damodar flows 592 km before joining the Hooghly River at Shayampur. It traverses the Gondwana coalfields (Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro), which contain India's bulk coking coal reserves. The Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC), established in 1948, was India's first multipurpose river valley project, modeled after the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA).

ЁЯФ╣ Strategic Importance & Future Impact

The Damodar basin is the foundation of India's iron, steel, and thermal power industries. However, heavy industrialization has led to significant pollution, impacting aquatic life like the Hilsa. Future management must balance the industrial water demand with ecological flow requirements to restore the river's biodiversity and mitigate the impact of seasonal flooding.

ЁЯФ╣ UP PCS / STATE PCS HIGH-YIELD VALUE ADDITION

тАв- **Origin**: Palamau Hills, Chota Nagpur Plateau (Jharkhand)
тАв- **Tributaries**: Barakar, Konar, Jamunia, Bokaro
тАв- **Dams**: Tilaiya, Maithon (on Barakar), Panchet (on Damodar)
тАв- **UPPCS Prelims Trend**: Questions on 'Gondwana Coalfields' and 'First Multipurpose Projects' are perennial favorites.
#8INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
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Exercise SLINEX-26: Indo-Lanka Maritime Synergy

ЁЯФ╣ Why in News & Recent Development

The 13th edition of the bilateral naval exercise SLINEX-26 is currently underway at Visakhapatnam. This exercise between the Indian Navy and the Sri Lanka Navy aims to enhance interoperability and strengthen the long-standing maritime partnership between the two neighboring nations.

ЁЯФ╣ Key Conceptual & Analytical Details

The exercise is divided into a Harbour Phase (professional interactions, sports, and cultural exchange) and a Sea Phase (tactical maneuvers and surface firing). India's participation includes INS Kavaratti (an indigenous Anti-Submarine Warfare Corvette) and INS Jyoti (a Fleet Tanker). The exercise has evolved since its inception in 2005 into a comprehensive platform for maritime domain awareness.

ЁЯФ╣ Strategic Importance & Future Impact

SLINEX is a key component of India's SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) and MAHASAGAR initiatives. In the context of increasing geopolitical competition in the Indian Ocean, such exercises ensure that India remains the 'Preferred Security Partner' for Sri Lanka, fostering a stable and inclusive maritime environment.

ЁЯФ╣ UP PCS / STATE PCS HIGH-YIELD VALUE ADDITION

тАв- **Participants**: Indian Navy and Sri Lanka Navy
тАв- **Indian Assets**: INS Kavaratti (Kamorta-class), INS Jyoti
тАв- **Vision**: Aligned with 'MAHASAGAR' and 'SAGAR' policy
тАв- **UPPCS Prelims Trend**: Bilateral military exercises and the names of participating indigenous ships are frequently tested.
#9SCIENCE & SPACE
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Sulphur: Critical Input for the Fertilizer Industry

ЁЯФ╣ Why in News & Recent Development

The soaring global prices of Sulphur, driven by conflicts in West Asia and the Russia-Ukraine region, are severely impacting the production of essential fertilizers in India, including DAP (Di-ammonium Phosphate) and SSP (Single Super Phosphate). This supply chain disruption poses a direct threat to agricultural productivity.

ЁЯФ╣ Key Conceptual & Analytical Details

Sulphur (S) is a non-metallic element and the 13th most abundant in the Earth's crust. It is a poor conductor of electricity and insoluble in water. Its primary industrial use is the production of Sulphuric Acid (H2SO4), the 'King of Chemicals,' used in ore processing and fertilizer manufacturing. In India, natural deposits are found in the Puga Valley (J&K) and Barren Island.

ЁЯФ╣ Strategic Importance & Future Impact

Sulphur is not just a chemical raw material but a secondary nutrient for crops, essential for oilseed production. India's dependence on sulphur imports makes its food security vulnerable to global energy price shocks (as sulphur is often a byproduct of oil refining). Diversifying sources and promoting sulphur recovery from domestic refineries are strategic imperatives.

ЁЯФ╣ UP PCS / STATE PCS HIGH-YIELD VALUE ADDITION

тАв- **Chemical Properties**: Non-metallic, pale yellow, brittle solid; Atomic number 16
тАв- **Indian Deposits**: Puga Valley (J&K), Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh
тАв- **Industrial Use**: Rubber vulcanization, Sulphuric acid, Fungicides
тАв- **UPPCS Prelims Trend**: Questions on 'Secondary Nutrients' (S, Ca, Mg) and chemical properties of elements are common in the General Science section.
#10GOVERNANCE & SCHEMES
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RoSCTL Scheme: Boosting Textile Export Competitiveness

ЁЯФ╣ Why in News & Recent Development

The Government of India is considering an extension of the Rebate of State and Central Taxes and Levies (RoSCTL) scheme beyond September 30, 2026. This move aims to provide policy continuity for the textile and apparel sector, which faces stiff competition from global players in the post-pandemic market.

ЁЯФ╣ Key Conceptual & Analytical Details

Introduced by the Ministry of Textiles, RoSCTL compensates for embedded taxes (like electricity duty, mandi tax, and fuel tax) that are not refunded under GST or Duty Drawback. It provides transferable e-scrips to exporters based on the Free on Board (FOB) value of exports. These scrips can be used to pay Basic Customs Duty on imports, effectively reducing the cost of production.

ЁЯФ╣ Strategic Importance & Future Impact

The scheme adheres to the international principle that 'taxes should not be exported,' ensuring a level playing field for Indian garments in the EU and US markets. By reimbursing hidden costs, RoSCTL supports the 'Make in India' initiative and helps maintain employment in the labor-intensive textile sector, which is India's second-largest employer.

ЁЯФ╣ UP PCS / STATE PCS HIGH-YIELD VALUE ADDITION

тАв- **Nodal Ministry**: Ministry of Textiles; Implemented by Department of Revenue
тАв- **Mechanism**: Transferable and sellable Duty Credit Scrips (e-scrips)
тАв- **Eligibility**: Exporters of apparel, garments, and made-ups manufactured in India
тАв- **UPPCS Prelims Trend**: Export promotion schemes (RoDTEP, RoSCTL, MEIS) and their specific objectives are frequently asked in the Economy section.
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